Long-Lasting Hostility Among Indians Towards British Rule Essay

How far do Sources 10, 11 and 12 suggest that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule? Sources 10, 11 and 12 suggest that the Amritsar Massacre, the incident in which British troops under the order of General Dyer fired at a crowd of Indian protesters on the 13th April 1919, did create widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards the British. Creating the British government to be portrayed as repressive and irresponsible. However, the alternative view presented by the sources is that Indians were not hostile towards the British, but they were in fact appreciative of their help and did not feel that they were repressive. The view of which the Amritsar Massacre did create widespread and long-lasting hostility amongst Indians towards British rule is presented in Source 11. ‘The Empire have become dishonest and unscrupulous, with no regard to the wishes of the Indian people.’ This article was written by Gandhi in 1920, which is shortly after the Amritsar Massacre, and the reliability of it is not that high as it is published in his own newspaper. Although it is still useful as Gandhi was a highly influential figure and supported by the masses so what he said would be key. Using strong words such as dishonest and unscrupulous, suggests strong feelings of hostility towards British rule. Also Gandhi feels as though the British are almost cheating the Indian people, meaning that the British are doing what they want without consulting the people they are ruling over. This source shows that the hostility felt by Indians was in fact widespread as it is written by Gandhi, a man who represented and was supported by the masses within India. This source does suggest that the Amritsar Massacre did create widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule. This theme of hostility towards British is also shown within Source 10, ‘Irresponsible government†¦ rights of human beings are denied to us.’ This extract is from a speech made by Motilal Nehru at the meeting of Congress a few days after the Massacre occurred. The usefulness of this is not as high as source 11 as we cannot be sure if the hostility was long-lasting as it is the same year as the Massacre itself. Although the reliability is still high Nehru was addressing the whole of Congress meaning he could not lie and also as it a few days after the Amritsar Massacre would increase the reliability as it will show the true feelings of Nehru. This extract shows that the Indians once again felt that the British were doing as they pleased without Indian voices being heard, which is also shown in source 11. However, as this source is written by Motilal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress, it is difficult to say from this source that hostility was in fact widespread as Nehru only represents the Indian National Congress which has the high caste community as a significant majority. Although this source does not show that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians, however it does suggest that it was leading to this point. However, the alternative view shown within source 12 is that Indians were not hostile towards the British, but they were in fact appreciative of their help and did not feel that they were repressive. ‘Without British protection we would not be completely oppressed by their majority.’ This extract was from a Muslim shoe merchant, Hafiz Hussain, investigating Hindu-Muslim riots during the civil disobedience campaign in 1931. This extract is useful and also reliable as it is from a common Muslim who would have no reason to lie and would give an overview and insight into the situation. As Hafiz Hussain is talking about the pressure the Hindus put the Muslims under to close their shops as a mark of respect for an executed terrorist, he is glad that the British are protecting them as they would have no choice in closing their shops as the majority would oppress them into doing so. This shows that this hostility towards the British was not caused by the Amritsar Massacre but that of the execution of a terrorist. This suggests that the Amritsar Massacre was not the only reason widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule was created, it shows that other factors came into play. The view that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards the British is shown mainly within source 11, as it is the most useful and reliable source, but also source 10 as well. Although source 12 does suggest that there were other factors leading towards the hostility among Indians towards the British its provenance is not as great as those of sources 10 and 11 combined. As source 10 is the most useful and reliable at showing the widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians due to the Amritsar Massacre it outweigh the points given by source 12. Suggesting that that the Indian people did have widespread and long-lasting hostility towards British rule because of the Massacre.

The Constitutions of The World

In Constitutional Identity, G. J. Jacobsohn classifies the constitutions of the world into two categories. The first category is of transformative constitutions and the second category is of preservative constitutions. While a transformative or ‘militant' constitution seeks to change the prevailing social structure, a preservative or ‘acquiescent' constitution seeks to maintain the status quo. Using Jacobsohn's classification, the Constitution of India would clearly be placed under the transformative category. This is due to the fact that the intention of the Parliament while drafting the Constitution was to bring about ‘social revolution' in the country. This claim is further substantiated by the deliberate omission of any allusion to the law on family. It was intended that matters related to family would be the domain of state to facilitate reform in the law. Thus, most changes in laws governing family, flow from the state in the form of amendments and statutes, which are enacted to transform the society into one with more progressive values. An eminent example is the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, which converted Hindu Marriage from ‘sacrament' to a ‘contract'. Nonetheless, reform needs to take place with regard to the prevailing values in society and make allowance for the demands of several cultures in a diverse country like India. In pursuance of the same, Article 44 which was the demand to evolve a Uniform Civil Code, to govern the personal laws of every religion, was placed in the Constitution as a Directive Principle of State Policy. These Directive Principles are goals that the government should keep in mind while it formulates policy. Article 44 reads: â€Å"The state shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India†However, courts too have played an important role in governing society through family. Apart from upholding the law, they have also tackled grey areas, resolved conflicting situations through reconciliation of different statues on the same subject and filled the lacunae. Illegalization of unlimited polygamy for Hindus, thus was, an important example of the positive influence of courts. This was taken further when conversion for the purpose of committing bigamy was also illegalized in Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India (hereinafter, ‘Sarla Mudgal') and later upheld in Lily Thomas v. Union of India (hereinafter, ‘Lily Thomas').The Sarla Mudgal CaseThe petitioner in this case was married for some year with three children from the wedding when she found out that her husband had contracted a second marriage with another woman, after converting to Islam. Her husband converted for the sole purpose of contracting a second marriage and ensuring that the provisions of Section 494 of the Indian Penal Code were not attracted. He argued, however, that Islam allowed for limited polygamy – four wives – thus, he could marry a second time even though his first wife remained a Hindu. The court held that marriage under the personal laws of one religion (here Hinduism) could not be taken to court for dissolution under the law of another different religion (here Islam) even if one of the parties embraced another different religion. This is because such a rule would violate the rights of the first spouse. However, the second marriage would be void because this very reason – that the first marriage subsisted, even after conversion of the spouse.Facts of the Lily Thomas CaseThe Writ Petition was filed by Smt. Sushmita Ghosh who had married Shri G. C. Ghosh in 1984 in accordance with Hindu rites. G. C. Ghosh had converted to Islam in 1992 and informed his wife of the change in religion. He stated that he wanted to marry Miss Vanita Gupta and so she should agree to a divorce by mutual consent. Change in religion is an accepted ground for divorce under section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Smt. Sushmita Ghosh did not want a divorce and got in touch with her aunt and her father to intervene on her behalf. She, her father and her relative tried to persuade her husband to not go for a divorce. However, his decision remained unchanged. He stated that his wife could either divorce by mutual consent, or she would have to put up with his second wife, Ms. Vanita Gupta. Smt. Sushmita Ghosh was thus left with no alternative but to approach the courts.PETITIONER'S ARGUMENTSConversion Not Due To FaithThe first point raised by the petitioner, Smt. Sushmita Ghosh is that her husband, Shri G. C. Ghosh, had not converted to Islam a matter of faith, but had done so solely for the purpose of taking in a second wife. While unlimited polygamy was allowed for Hindus, prior to the enactment of the Hindu Marriage Act, it was abolished post 1955. However, limited polygamy is still allowed for the male followers of Islam in India and they can have up to four wives. Thus, it had become commonplace for many male members of the Hindu faith to convert to Islam for the purpose of marrying a second woman, divorcing their first wife and then re-converting back to Hinduism. The re-conversion was to ensure that property interests were not harmed. The petitioner proved this by referring to, firstly, a birth certificate of a son born to G. C. Ghosh from his second wife, wherein, his name appears as â€Å"G. C. Ghosh† and his religion is stated to be â€Å"Hindu†. Moreover, the mother's (his second wife) name appears as â€Å"Vanita Ghosh† and she too is a â€Å"Hindu†, according to the birth certificate. Secondly, the electoral roll of the constituency indicates the same, as does the respondent's visa to Bangladesh. In fact, he signed the marriage certificate issued by Mufti Mohd. Tayyeb Qasmi, is signed by him as â€Å"G. C. Ghosh†.Removal of Burden of ProofThe second contention raised was that since the judgment in Sarla Mudgal validated their case, conviction should take place without any need for proof. However, it was held that the conviction could not be made certain based on only a statement of admission made outside the court. This was because the provisions of the Indian Penal Code demanded that proof of not only the first marriage, but also the second marriage. This is still a legal obligation and admission of the marriage by the person being accused of bigamy, is not enough to constitute the requirement. The matrimonial ceremonies needed to be shown.RESPONDENT'S ARGUMENTSDifference with regard to Sarla Mudgal – Article 20(1)It was contended that the law propounded in Sarla Mudgal, would not be applicable to the present case as that case was not related to people whose marriages were solemnized before the judgment pronouncing them void was passed. Even though these marriages would be violative of the law, there could be no retrospective application. The court however, rejected this argument. It said that no new law had been introduced, but the old, existing provisions of the governing statute had been interpreted. It is a rule of law that the interpretation of a provision goes back to the date of that provision and is not, in its nature, prospective. Thus, the second marriage would be declared void and article 21 of the Constitution which states that â€Å"no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence†, would not be affected. Violation of Article 21 and 25The other contention raised by the counsel was that the Sarla Mudgal judgement would be violative of Articles 21 and 25 of the Indian Constitution. In the case of Article 21 which states that â€Å"no person will be deprived of life or liberty except according to the procedure established by law†, the court said that this contention was misconceived. Thus, it would be premature to say that the judgement will result in deprivation of the life or liberty of either of the parties because the Sarla Mudgal judgement neither created a new law, nor changed the procedure for the prosecution.Another contention raised by the respondent was that the judgement would violate Article 25 of the Constitution, which guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience and the right to profess and propagate a religion. However, such an argument does not hold when the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, explicitly abolished polygamy in the Hindu religion and further, section 17 of the Act made void any marriages if any party had a living spouse, even after the marriage had been solemnised. Freedom guaranteed by the Constitution was to be exercised by individuals, until they encroached upon another's freedom. Moreover, if the act fitted under section 17 of the Hindu Marriage Act, its penalty was prescribed in section 494 and section 495 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The court commented on the contention raised in Sarla Mudgal that â€Å"making a Hindu Convert liable for prosecution would be against Islam†. The court found this argument to be ‘ignorant' of the nature of the religion of Islam.COURT'S DECISIONApplying Natural Justice Further, the court posed that conversion for the purpose of bigamy could not be squared with the principles of natural justice and equity. Natural justice constitutes in procedures or principles that are thought to be wrong, inherently. Here, the court agreed with the view of Justice M. C. Chagla in Robasa Khanum v. Khodadad Irani. The judges were of the opinion that if a man converted to Islam, to take in a second wife, during the subsistence of his first marriage, the effect on both wives would be undesirable. Since the law does not recognize the second marriage as valid, the status of the second wife would be that of a concubine and children born out of that marriage would be considered illegitimate. Though the first marriage will still persist legally, there would be practical problems with it. Necessity of the Uniform Civil Code The need for a Uniform Civil Code was not the primary question addressed by the judges in Lily Thomas, but it was referenced by both the judges in their separate judgments. Various cases discussing the notion of a uniform personal law were also mentioned. After a perusal of some judgments, it was commented by Justice Sahai in a separate judgment, that the Uniform Civil Code was highly desirable. However, the ‘social climate' of the society needed to be taken into account. Thus, a comprehensive Uniform Civil Code that takes into account all stakeholders and caters to everyone's interests could only be brought into existence if leaders took the responsibility of bringing about reform by changing the minds of people in their communities. Thus, the matter was assigned to the 18th Law Commission which would examine the feasibility of the Uniform Civil Code, in consonance with the Minorities Commission. The court clarified its stance on Article 44 of the Constitution, affirming that the courts had no jurisdiction whatsoever in giving direction for the implementation of a common Civil Code for personal laws. The Directive Principles of State Policy are not to be enforced by the courts because they do not create rights in favour of any person or persons. They are simply guidelines by the Constitution to the State, which is why they were included in the non-justifiable section by the Sapru Report of 1945. Arguments of the person

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Virtual Meeting Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virtual Meeting Report - Assignment Example I attended a virtual meeting as the chairperson of the group, and used programs such as Google doc. The main items under discussion in our agenda were team evaluation and team contact (Guffey & Loewy, 2010). Since virtual meetings do not require physical presence of participants of meeting, maintenance of team cooperation and solidarity is on compromise, hence the main agendas on team evaluation and team contact. Evaluation of the team’s performance determines the level of active participation and contribution of an individual to a group virtual meeting. On the other hand, team contact brings about cooperation and support from members in a team. These two are very elusive aspects of a virtual meeting as opposed to a conventional meeting where participants of the meeting meet at a single location, and carry out one-on-one discussions on their agendas. Using Google doc to conduct our meeting was instrumental in facilitating our communication and exchange of opinions for each item of the agenda. The site provides a suitable platform for every member of the group to participate actively in the discussions of the day, especially considering the efficient performance of the website. The Google doc website is a very promising platform for holding virtual meetings. This is due to the universal presence of the site, and as such, any member of the group can participate and contribute their ideas to the meeting. In addition, this is also necessary in ensuring effective performance of all members during a meeting. The platform allows for fast and effective responses of each member of group in a meeting, and every member gets to know who is speaking at a particular time to avoid interferences and disturbances during the meeting. This is a very effective program in building and developing the teamwork of my group as all members know how well to use

Wellness Promotion Project. Assessment of the Utica-Rome, NY community Essay

Wellness Promotion Project. Assessment of the Utica-Rome, NY community - Essay Example Assessment of the Utica-Rome, NY community A later Gallup poll in USA Today puts the Utica-Rome region fourth in a standing of urban communities where individuals have the most heart strike. The main poll puts that stacked up progressively at danger were the Huntington-Ashland region in West Virginia; the Davenport-Moline Rock Island in Iowa and Fort Smith in Arkansas. The study discovered that expansive amounts of individuals here are corpulent, and smoke, however that yet little numbers practice customarily. A nearby interventional cardiologist says that patients he sees in his office don't repudiate those discoveries, however he additionally sees numerous sound patients in their 90s since they settle on solid life decisions. That's the focus needed to drive home, that you have a say in which sort of fact you come to be. Coronary illness is a preventable infection and you can change your result. You can change the detail. It's not a miserable try. Individuals can have an enormous e ffect and we need to truly change. Practice is vital, however how we consume, what we consume is as well. Literature Review The Gallup Study First of all, what is the Gallup poll? For more than 70 years, Gallup has built its reputation on delivering relevant, timely, and visionary research on what humans around the world think and feel. Using impeccable data, our advisers assist leaders  in  identifying and monitoring critical economic and behavioral indicators that are vital to their strategic plans. The study discovered that the occurrence of high circulatory strain in the Utica-Rome range was higher than the national normal. The study additionally said that about a full third of individuals in the region are corpulent, and more than a quarter, smoke (Ships, 2013). Heart illness, which causes heart strike, is the heading explanation for expiration in the United States. More than 700,000 Americans show some kindness assault every year. As per the Gallup-Healthways twelve-month well-being study, a few US metropolitan locales have much higher rates of heart strike than whatever is left of the nation. Broadly, an expected 4% of American mature people reported surviving a heart assault. Occupants of Utica-Rome, NY metropolitan locale were more than twice as liable to endure the same destiny (Mendez, 2013). In view of Gallup and Healthways information for US metropolitan factual ranges, 24/7 Wall St. audited the urban areas with the most noteworthy rates of heart ambushes. Managing director of Gallup.com said that by and large, occupants living in metro zones with high rates of heart strike likewise battle progressively with incessant health issues like high circulatory strain, heftiness, and diabetes. In Utica-Rome, NY, the top district in the nation for heart ambushes, an expected 43.3% of overviewed grown-ups reported experiencing high circulatory strain, compared to only 27.6% of grown-ups across the nation. The territory was additionally in the top five f or high cholesterol and stoutness (Mendez, 2013). Mendes clarified that Gallup has noted a relationship between low income and weakness, incorporating heart strike. Part of this may have to do with access to quality mind, weakness propensities identified with an absence of training or competitive, solid sustenance. In view of the latest Census information, the majority of the metro regions with the most elevated danger of coronary illness had average family unit incomes beneath the US figure of $50,502. In the meantime, the greater part of the 10 territories with

Director's Concept Anne in The Tropics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Director's Concept Anne in The Tropics - Essay Example The introduction of the Lector in the late 1920 amidst the Cuban-Americans working at a cigar factor does somewhat similar functions. He arrives to mitigate their inner darkness of the workers in the designated establishment and that he does through literature that illumines the inner world of the individual. He tries to mitigate their personal miseries. Exposure to enlightening literature makes one proud of one’s heritage and provides strength and meaning to lead a purposeful existence. A cultural void exists within the minds of the workers in a cigar factory, as most of the workers are from Cuba, who migrated to USA, out of economic necessity and not because of love for the land of USA. They carry the burden of great psychological strain and problems related to adjustments in a new environment. Recollection of the past, sweet or sour is a great intellectually gratifying experience. These cigar-factory workers love literature, the books of Anna Karenina, in particular, and they compare the events of their own life with that of Karenina. The issues refer to personal failings of human beings on the one hand and about the secular issues related to adjustment in the new environment in America. They left Cuba out of compulsion, and would like to remain in touch with their own customs and traditions and the arrival of lector amidst them serves this purpose. For, he doesn’t own any responsibility of producing goods and delivering the prescribed output at the end of the day. He regales and educates the workers in style and humor is his asset, even when he explains profound issues related to life through select book readings. The happiness of his arrival is comparable to the arrival of a baby in a joint family. He provides the means to adjust to the life in America and yet remain Cuban at heart! He provides them the confidence to retain the Cuban cultural identity. The important concept of â€Å"Anna in the Tropics,† is how to remain truly human

Case studies and written questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case studies and written questions - Assignment Example : In the Democratic Leadership Style, managers encourage their staffs to participate in the decision making for the company development and growth. The role of managers in democratic style is as a leader, who gives guidance to their staff to solve the problems. : i. This management of style is time consuming. Since, to solve a problem a long discussion is required among team members. If the company wants to solve a urgent issue then this process will take long time to solve a problem. ii. In this style of management, much time a manager could not take decision easily. Since there are many outcome of discussion, which may led create confusion to the manager and to decide which outcome will be better for the company development. : This style of management is give opportunity to every staff to share points to solve the problems and give a unique result to solve the problem and help in the company development. This style of management always helps to motivate the staffs to do their work properly, and it will be good for the company’ development. Although this style has lots of draw backs like time consuming and sometimes the manger could not able to decide which outcome is better for the company. If the company willing to solve the long term problem, then this style of management will be better for the company and help to grow the company in faster way. This management of style is not useful of short terms issues. : The management style of Blake for the company point of view is good. Blake is encouraging his staff members to discuss the problem in a team meeting and even he is also showing concern to his staff privately but in private discussions, he is against of backstabbing and bitchiness among the staff. This style of management of Blake always helps to solve long term goal and motivate their staff too. : There is a huge communication gap between Peter and Jodie. They are not discussing

Discussion borad 4 international relations Essay

Discussion borad 4 international relations - Essay Example Apart from these, conflicts can be resolved through international organizations, international courts and treaties. In compellence and deterrence, power and influence are used respectively. Diplomacy involves direct and government-to-government contract whereby officials may communicate and dialogue to accomplish the desired goal. With relation to bargaining and negotiation, positional negotiation and principled negotiation are effective ways to use in conflict resolution. Promising rewards, persuasion, position, benefits, reliance on the legitimacy of claims are far better ways than using force of threat (Russett, Starr and Kinsella, 2009, p. 105- 130). Arab-Israeli conflict has long been a sensitive and rather extremely challenging issue that many media, world agencies and various politicians tried to solve it, but, it still remains to be more severe. In solving this conflict, any of the following three methods can be used, 1) Deterrence and diplomacy, 2) negotiated compromise alon g with diplomacy and 3) third-party mediation along with diplomacy. In all these, direct and government-to-government contact along with third-party involvement may also will work out.

The Impact of Structural Changes in Rents on Different People Research Paper

The Impact of Structural Changes in Rents on Different People - Research Paper Example The previous Conservative government up to 1997 had a policy of allowing social rents to increase with the intention of reducing public expenditure on subsidies with little regard to the impact on affordability or work incentives for tenants. They argued that rent increases allowed help to be diverted to those in greatest need. Better-off tenants met rent increases out of their own pockets while Housing Benefit 'took the strain' for the poorer tenants. This, however, created serious problems of benefit dependency and work disincentives throughout the country. The present Labour Government has already introduced the national minimum wage and Working Families Tax Credit (WFTC) in order to tackle poverty, promote work incentives and reduce benefit dependency. Realignment of rents in line with this thinking has been taken up on priority. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) now changed to the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) [since May 2006] has issued seve ral guidelines on the calculation and setting of rent for different social housing properties. Since April 2002 rents are calculated according to a formula based on relative property values, local earnings and property size. Restructured rents are calculated using the formula and data set out in the DCLG guide to Social Rent Reforms. Circular R2-27/01: ‘Rent Influencing Regime – Implementing the Rent Restructuring Framework’ also sets out the calculation of target rents. The complex mosaic of rental patterns in the social rented sector begins to make sense once the nature of individual rent schemes is explored.

Mara Guevarra Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Tok Essay Essay Example for Free

Tok Essay Essay People’s choice of belief is possibly one of the most intriguing topics one can study. The journey of gaining knowledge in itself is so dynamic and full of factors that one couldn’t possibly be able to analyze in full. In this essay, the question that is to be answered encompasses and questions the details of that journey in one of the most controversial topics of all time; religion. The question above subjects the issue of belief to the spotlight as it is one of the largest aspects of life that is to many people asserted with no concrete evidence to be found; in my perspective. Yet again not all people agree that evidence must be concrete and therefore the relativity of evidence from a believer to a non-believer could be drastic. Thus, this essay will examine my argument for this statement through personal experience and the lenses of emotion and language in the subjects of World Religions and Philosophy as well as possible counter arguments. Many followers of faith would disagree with Hitchens on this statement, taking the believers of the Abrahamic religions as an example; they believe that their prophets came with miracles like Christ walking on water for example. They don’t have concrete evidence yet to them they see that what came in either the Torah, Bible or the Qura’an is definite truth for many reasons; each generation was told by those before them that these stories did take place so the generations that supposedly witnessed the miracles told their kids about them and the stories kept passing down until our day today. Moreover, the authority of a parent tends to be huge therefore when these stories are told to little kids to be true the kids believe their parents, they take it as a 1+1=2 situation where the student is taught the very basic rules of math, if one asks me why or how do I know the 1+1=2 I wouldn’t be able to answer yet I know it’s a mathematical fact (even though I know there is reason and evidence behind it now, but I am not really interested in reading) so these kids take what their parents teach them at such a young age and not question it. Just like the followers tend to not dig around what they believe to be true because they believe it is already true, the same way many people don’t look into why and how 1+1=2. Believers tend to have what they call a relationship with God, what they feel when they pray is something they can’t put into words yet they know it’s truth for themselves even though they can’t prove it and therefore they won’t agree with the Hitchens statement. Those people have no concrete evidence yet that â€Å"relationship† is evidence enough to them. The followers of Islam for example brag about how the Qur’an has an answer for everything and that to them is evidence enough it’s true, yet again many don’t try to look for the real reasons. The followers of religions in general have a problem with accepting that there are some things one just doesn’t know, they need to be certain about everything to go on in life and that is basic human nature. By the same token though, a lot of other people do agree with the statement above, the majority of scientists, doctors, mathematicians and many more as a mere example. In the subject of world religions we are taught that religion is passed down through language; that in itself proves the Hitchens statement right. Language is a very molding way of knowledge; it changes from time to time according to society it is in. Things can get out of context, meanings could be lost in translation or lost due to the changing nature of language, for example the word â€Å" † which is now used as an adjective for â€Å"good† literary translates to â€Å"wicked† or â€Å"horrid† in classical Arabic and therefore this could be applicable both ways to this arguments; words that were used 1400 years ago in Islam could have meant something in it’s cultural context but now means something completely different which would make a certain rule of Islam that is now applied invalid or vice-versa. Also, Christianity being the most popular religion in the world was originally written in the common Greek language of the first century yet now circulates mostly in English. A huge limitation to this fact is that meaning could’ve been lost in translation, as some words that are used in one language just don’t translate to other languages, therefore basing some of the religion on misinterpreted verses. Now looking at the use of emotion in Philosophy of religion, a theme studied in the subject of Philosophy; the epistemological theory of evidentialism is best described by Clifford’s quote: â€Å"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence† (Clifford 1879: 186). † Which agrees with the Hitchens statement above. Since I’ve established above that there is no concrete evidence about the truth of any kind of religion, one must assume that believers use emotion as a way of knowledge and not evidence. This in itself has many limitations to it because when emotion is used on it’s own as a way of knowledge it usually prevents one from being objective. Moreover, it also limits the use of other ways of knowledge; for example perception, where because of emotion one might look at things differently or even reason, where if one is too attached to what they â€Å"believe† in this could lead to their lack of open-mindedness. The use of emotion too also leads to a huge logical fallacy; the â€Å"appeal to emotion† fallacy where if for example X makes me feel good I will assume X is true, which is basically the basis of many religions. Furthermore, religions tend to use Pathos in most of their verses; for example in the Qur’an verse 102:3 until 102:7 says: â€Å"No! You are going to know. Then no! You are going to know. No! If you only knew with knowledge of certainty. You will surely see the Hellfire. Then you will surely see it with the eye of certainty. † The use of emotion here to scare the reader that is being spoon-fed since an early age that this is the absolute truth when reading this will defiantly lead him to think a thousand times before questioning the religion because he is scared he’ll â€Å"surely see the Hellfire† and thus making many believers just people that are afraid to think or tempted with the concept of heaven but very few that actually went through the process of actually trying to find out if what they believe in is absolute truth or not. In conclusion, as someone that will be studying law, being objective, putting aside emotion and avoiding logical fallacies are vital to me. I also never felt that â€Å"connection with God† and therefore I do agree with the Hitchens statement â€Å"That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence. † Because the counter arguments aren’t convincing enough and there are too many question marks on them. On the other hand my argument is a lot more valid because it’s Empiricism based, which means it’s based on facts and past experiences, not speculations. [ 1 ]. Most Popular World Religions. About. com Geography. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Dec. 2012. [ 2 ]. Standard New Testament introductions listed below under Further reading: Goodspeed, Kummel, Duling and Perrin, Koester, Conzelmann and Lindemann, Brown, and Ehrman.

Discourse on Modernization Essay Example for Free

Discourse on Modernization Essay The discourse on Modernization was resisted by the Communists led by the USSR through a policy of isolation and xenophobia. The improvement of quality of life Modernization would bring was a threat to their hold on nations. Hence it was against the best interest of Communist governments that their holdings obtain genuine modernization. One major example was the Iron Curtain. Movement of people, goods and information was severely restricted along the east-west Germany border especially during the 50s and 60s. Starting with their refusal to accept Marshall plan aid after World War II, the nations falling under the Iron Curtain refused to have dealings with the west. By breaking contact with the West, they were able to limit the common people’s consciousness the people did not have a basis for comparison to realize how oppressive their lives really were. Another example was the foundation or support of various communist movements all over the World. Many of these organizations received financial and logistical support from the COMINTERN or the KGB. These organizations promoted the Communist ideal often with a nationalist or self-determinist bias. They tried to disparage Western Aid as a form of Imperialism to limit modernization it their respective countries. Shortcoming of the â€Å"modernization theory†: Dichotomy of the â€Å"traditional† and â€Å"modern† 5. Cultural Imperialism The Third World in the 1960s: Stagnation of the economic development; political instability Dependency Theory: Emerged in Latin America in the late 1960s Grounded in the neo-Marxist political-economy approach TNCs in the North exercise control, with the support of their respective governments, Over the developing countries by setting the terms of global trade ? developing nations remain â€Å"peripheral† Cultural Imperialism: The cultural aspects of dependency theory Ex: Herbert Schiller (1969) Mass Communications and American Empire US-based TNCs undermine cultural autonomy of the South US communications technology and investment, coupled with the new demand for media products, nessitate large-scale imports of US media products Consumerism is emphasized at the expense of community values

Evaluating A Health Promotion Website Information Technology Essay

Evaluating A Health Promotion Website Information Technology Essay The aim of this evaluation is to critique a health promotion website relating to a current health promotion topic. As the internet offers a vast quantity of information from a variety of sources it is commonly used to aid evidence based practice. It is important to have an awareness of how to use information from an internet based resource as it is unregulated, therefore inaccurate or falsified information can be presented on websites to look true. It is necessary to have an understanding of how to evaluate internet based resources to check for data quality and accuracy. (Dobler and Eagleton, 2006) The website selected for the evaluation is from the National Health Service (NHS) website: Immunisation the safest way to protect your child: The HPV vaccination can help protect you from cervical cancer for years to come. (NHS, 2008) It will be evaluated using a critique in the form of a series of questions designed by Jim Kapoun (Kapoun, 1998) with the aim to determine the accuracy of the information within the site. The critique achieves this by asking five key questions relating to the accuracy, authority, objectivity, currency and the coverage of the information. During its introduction over the last year the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been publicised in the media. The vaccine is free under the NHS for girls aged between 12 and 18. The World Health Organisation (WHO) states that there are over 100 types of HPV, 13 of which it is reasonable to assume are responsible for 100% of the cases of cervical cancer (WHO, 2007). The website was written as detailed in the site by, a team which consisted of a consultant pediatrician, senior medical officers, immunisation experts, principal and senior scientists with input from the health promotion agency (NHS, 2008). It is not possible to contact the members of this team on an individual basis as their names are not listed, however there are contact details for general enquires including, an address, fax number and email address. The purpose of the site is to provide information to the public about cervical cancer and its vaccine with information relating to cost, eligibility and where to access it. It also provides information for people who are outside of England on how they can access information in their own health setting. Due to the authors names and qualifications not being disclosed it is not possible to know if they are qualified to write the information and if they have conducted any other forms of research related to this field of study. It is important to note the difference between the authors of the information within the site and a webmaster. An author of a website writes the information within the site that is used by the public. A webmaster is a: Person responsible for creating and maintaining a worldwide website (Czar and Hebda, 2009, p. 539) they may also be termed as a website designer. The website was published by the NHS which is part of the Department of Health (D.O.H). This can be confirmed by checking the domain of the website which is .nhs.uk showing it is part of the NHS and a United Kingdom website. As the information within the site can be validated back to a reputable organisation such as the D.O.H this increases the authority of the information within the site (Czar and Hebda, 2009). There are contact names for the head of publishing and for the head of immunisation information, which are different from the website designer, showing that the website designer is not supplying the information about the vaccine. Despite the authors and publishers qualification not being displayed, the information itself must not be dismissed due to lack of knowledge of where it was sourced from. It requires the nurse or client to evaluate the publisher of the information to establish if the organisation is credible or not, hence whether to utilise the information or not. The goal of this website is to promote immunisation to help prevent cervical cancer (NHS 2008). The site achieves this by providing the public and healthcare professionals with information in order that the public will make an informed decision in favour of immunisation. The information within the site can be split into two parts, each of a different standard. The standards are different as they are intended for two different target audiences and there is a need to use different terminology for each section (Czar and Hebda, 2009). One section is targeted at the public, the other is aimed at health care professionals. The information targeted at the public is presented in a manner that is easy to read and understand. There is very little use of jargon and where medical terminology is used it is explained. There are links to other resources which may be more appropriate for parents such as a link to the information library where parents can obtain more information. The links for teenagers consist of, a link to a social networking site called Bebo which is popular with young teenagers. Here girls can comment on their experience with the vaccine and to talk to others about their experience. There would be an issue as to how the information on this site was regulated, to ensure that the site is not being abused. An alternative link is to a site called HABBO, which is an online chat forum where girls can talk online, to other girls and to NHS advisers asking questions in relation to the vaccine. The information targeted at healthcare professionals differs in its content. It offers more information relating to training of staff through online power points and links to upcoming conferences. The information also details about the distribution of the vaccination, protocols associated with it and printable resources. Often a problem associated with information on the internet is that it is cheaper to produce information of a poor standard that looks good, not good quality information of the same presentable standard (Coiera, 2003). However this site does not fit this statement and the information within it is of a good standard and well presented. The site has clearly stated that it aims to promote immunisation: Immunisation the safest way to protect your child (NHS, 2008) this could present issues of bias. The site presents the information in a way that shows both side of the debate. The information does have a lean towards the positives of the vaccination, however this is not great enough to have extended to a marketing strategy which would show clear bias (McCormick and Saba, 2006). The site is sponsored by the D.O.H, which would be in favour of immunisation to prevent the development of cancer, as it would be more cost effective overall to vaccinate than to treat cancer. The sponsorship by the D.O.H would indicate bias, though considering it is a health promotion website, to have a reputable organisation fund the site rather than an alternative organisation without a reputation for quality information instils confidence. The website does not state when it was written, revised or reviewed (Czar and Hebda, 2009, p.124) however it was copyrighted in 2008, so it is reasonable to assume that the information within the site is relatively up to date. According to information on the website it is updated every week although, it lacks dates to confirm this so the currency of the information is questionable. The site contains links to other sources of information however these pages do not contain dates making it is impossible to know how current the information within them is. The links do not state if they have been updated, yet the information for healthcare professionals contains a link to a monthly newsletter published by the D.O.H. and to recent letters relating to the vaccine, all of which imply that the site is regularly updated. None of the information on the site relating to the HPV vaccination appears to be out of date irrelevant. Searching through the site, all the links take the user to their designated page and there do not appear to be any links that no longer function. There is nothing to state that the links on the site have been evaluated, though the information within the links does complement the theme of the website. The site contains a mixture of text and images. The images are mainly promotional and do not distract the client from the text. The text itself is simplistic and easy to understand and is not overly complicated with scientific terminology. This is so that people of different levels of intellect and understanding will be able to use the information (Coiera, 2003). The information within the site and the documents which are available online do not contain references to other authors or sources of work. The use of references allows the work from which the information was taken to be checked, (Czar and Hebda, 2009) nevertheless because there are no references it is not possible to know the quality of the original information, who the authors were and when the work was written. The lack of references reduces the credibility of the information within the site, though taking in to consideration that the site is published by the D.O.H, the information would have been checked before being placed into the public domain. The site it is compatible with many different forms of software which are used on a variety of computers. There are links on the site, which connect to pages where it is possible to download the necessary browser software required to view the site. All the information is free and where required the client is able to print off hard copies of the information. The site is enabled to be viewed in different sizes depending on what is required. It is possible to obtain the information within it in one of nineteen other languages, however this will have to be originally sourced by someone who understands English, as it needs to be located from the site and printed. It can be argued that due to the sites lack of information relating to the authors or publishers qualifications and credentials, the information within the site has the potential to be inaccurate. Similarly the lack of references to other sources of work and with no dates being provided for the work could in addition strengthen this argument. Nevertheless, the site does contain information within it that is useful and appropriate for the different target audiences that the site is aimed at. More over the site is published by the D.O.H, despite there being the potential for bias from this organisation it has a duty of care to the public to provide current and accurate information. The public has access to a large source of information through the internet which can be of high or poor quality. As the number of high quality resources on the internet continue to rise, in turn will the number of poor quality sources. In the future the number of clients who have access to this information will increase as the population ages (Coiera, 2003). Nurses need to be aware of the need to critique the information found either by themselves or by the client and in turn help them to understand what they have found (McCormick and Saba, 2006) whilst encouraging them to evaluate the information for themselves. This is to ensure that clients do not put their health at risk through trusting inaccurate or unsafe information. Teaching clients how to evaluate information and where to find high quality information will ensure that poor quality sources are not mistaken for high quality and used by the client. On the whole the internet is: A wonderful information delivery tool. However, it is just that a tool. Our ability to think, to ask the right questions, to interpret, integrate, and synthesize what we find is what leads to value and makes all the difference. (McCormick and Saba, 2006, p. 147)

Professional Advertising Agency and British Airways Promotional Campai

A Professional Advertising Agency Contributes to British Airways' Promotional Campaign A professional campaign can contribute to a promotional campaign in many ways which could help BA to establish a stronger message to the public, an advertising agency depending on its experience in dealing with big company like BA can contribute a professional handling of all BA’s advertising needs. This means handling BA’s advertising campaign from start till finish, the agency even deals with the expenses of their clients promotional campaign. An agency guarantees a professional and fresh approach to advertising because a big company like BA who handles its own advertising after years can run out of ideas, that’s where a professional agency comes into picture it enables the company to offload some of its advertising responsibilities so that the business can focus on other aspects of the company without having to worry about their promotional campaign. An advertising agency can contribute to their clients in terms of successful promotional campaign by helping their clients to: Â · Use innovative approach – this means an agency can help a company to look at other aspect of approaching customers, other ways of getting the message across. An agency can make a company more effective in communicating with customers. Â · Plan media – this means an advertising agency also contributes key areas such as media selection. Advertising agency also involves around media planni...

The Blind Husband in Carver’s Cathedral :: Carver Cathedral Essays

The "Blind" Husband in Carver’s Cathedral  Ã‚   The short story "Cathedral" by Raymond Carver is about a woman who has a blind friend who comes to visit her and her husband. Although the husband has, technically, normal vision he is in the beginning of this story the one who is "blind." Through the husband’s words and actions when he is dealing with Robert, the blind man, we can see that the husband does not "see" or understand what Robert’s blindness means or how it changes or does not change him as a human being. At first Robert makes the husband very uncomfortable, for the husband does not know what to say or do around the blind visitor. As the story progresses, we can see a change in the husband; he seems to be able to see Robert as a person and not just as a blind man. One example that shows the husband is "blind" comes in the beginning of the story, before Robert arrives. When the husband and wife talk about Robert, the husband usually refers to him as "this blind man" (1052), and he never uses Robert’s name or assigns any human attributes to him. This shows that the husband does not really see Robert as a person, but just as a blind man who is different because he has a handicap. When Robert arrives at the couple’s house, the husband does not know what to say to him. The husband asks stupid questions about the view from the train: "Which side of the train did you sit on?" (1055). The husband knows that Robert cannot see the view, but he asks him these questions anyway. Also, the husband thinks to himself, "I didn’t know what else to say" (1055) which is a clear indication that he does not know how to relate to Robert. Both of these quotations show that the husband does not know what to talk about with Robert because he only sees Robert’s handicap, instead of seeing him as a complete human being who has emotions, thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. Not only does the husband not know how to communicate with Robert, he does not how to act around him either. A good example of this, shown after dinner, is when all three of them go into the living room. This is how the husband portrays what happens when they first enter the room: "Robert and my wife sat on the sofa.

Madonna: Successfully Incorporating Sexuality Into Music Essay

Madonna Madonna has been a very influential female "popstar" over the last 20 years: to sell her music she has publicised herself through the media, and through this media she has stuck to the concept that "sex does sell". Madonna was born on the 16th of August 1958 as Louise Veronica Ciccone, in Bay City, Michigan. She began her journey into the most influential industry and medium by moving to New York to become a ballerina. From this young age she was very aware of the human body and the way it is perceived. She knew that the body needed to be sold in some way, to 'make it' in these types of industries. At this stage of her life she became anorexic in an attempt to become the "stereotypical" ballerina figure. Louise eventually left her ballerina days, and turned to music. She was part of the Patrick Hernandez Revel, The Breakfast club and Emmy: dance and pop groups that didn't make it to the top. It was through these small groups that she was scouted as a solo artist and in 1982 Louise was signed to Sire Records, under the performance name "Madonna". By the end of 1982 she released her debut single "Everybody", which became an instant hit. This was the start of Madonna's influential music career. Madonna debuted as a young, innocent, Christian girl, with strong morals and values. However, this changed as she began to transform herself and her image to attract a larger audience. She began her career with the stage name Madonna, which she has kept throughout her long career. The word "Madonna" is from the bible, a biblical name for the mother of Jesus (or Virgin Mary), and is a biblical character that is associat... ...le erotic and packaged as a giant condom. Erotica: uncut featured graphic nudity and overt depiction of sex acts In 1998 she seemed to change her style and reinvented herself once again with the release of ray of light: seemed to show a change in perspective and her songs were now bout motherhood and the lose of her mother. Released her record music coinciding in the same year she married Guy Ritchie and her cow-boy image American life was a flop dealt with more contempory issues such as the war and September 11, Sex does sell, she learnt that by incorporating sexuality and sex into her music - so she could sell her album, she performed this by her kiss with Brittany spears last year in which boosted her back into the media and outraged critics but still boosted her otherwise but flopping album sales.

Netflix and Consumer Behavior Trends Essay

Netflix, Inc. is a subscription-based movie and television show rental service that offers media to it’s subscribers through on-demand internet streaming and DVD-by-mail service. Since its start in 1997, Netflix has taken the movie rental world by storm, becoming the world’s largest online movie rental service. As of January 2013 Netflix had a total of 29. 4 million streaming customers worldwide (Cohan). Netflix can attribute much of its success to its decisions to follow trends in consumer behavior, while its major competitors, namely blockbuster, sealed their fate by ignoring them. In the following paper I will tell you how Netflix was able to stay afloat while other movie rental companies failed, and gained success by following trends in consumer behavior. Background Netflix was founded in 1997 by Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings. Hastings had the idea for the DVD-by-mail service when he was forced to pay $40 in late fees after returning an overdue video. The company began its operation in April of 1998, with its core business being DVD-by-mail rental service. Besides being one of the first companies to rent DVDs by mail, Netflix also planned to capitalize on the fact that major brick and mortar video stores, such as Blockbuster, did not carry a wide selection of DVD rentals at the time. Netflix experienced much success with DVD-by-mail rentals, hitting the one million subscribers mark in February of 2003, and shipping over 1,000,000 DVDs by mail per day by 2005. In 2007 Netflix introduced it’s Video on Demand Service. This service was extremely successful, eventually making Netflix the number one online video streaming service in the world. Netflix, Inc. History) Consumer Behavior Trends Towards Entertainment There are several key trends in consumer behavior towards entertainment that Netflix was able to capitalize on. The first consumer behavior trend is convenience. The fast paced world that we live in has the average consumer seeking out anything that will save them the smallest amount of time or effort. Therefore, consumers expect entertainment fast, and at their fingertips. The next trend in consumer behavior is to limit spending. Due to the financial hardships our country has been experiencing in recent years consumers are looking to cut cost in whatever way possible. Before making a purchase decision, consumers are looking for a much higher cost/value ratio than they were in the past. The third consumer behavior trend Netflix was able to pick up on is the Smartphone/ tablet trend. According to Business Insider, â€Å"there are at least 165 million active Android and Apple iOS devices in the U. S. and that they are used by 78% of the adult population (Blodget). Today’s consumers are hardwired to participate from anywhere at any time; they use their smartphones for everything they can and expect to be able to do almost anything on it. Having the ability to stream media straight to their smartphones was almost expected by consumers. How Netflix Followed Consumer Behavior Trends Netflix was able to satisfy the consumers need for convenience at first by shipping unlimited DVDs through the mail for a month ly membership fee, instead of making consumers visit a brick and mortar location (Kang). Since then, Netflix has furthered adhered to the consumers need for convenience by introducing Video on Demand streaming in 2007. Through Video on Demand Netflix subscribers have their choice of thousand of new and old TV shows and movies to watch at just the click of the mouse. Customers can stream videos from netflix using a multitude of devices such as Xbox, PlayStation 3, Wii, Roku, their smartphone or tablet, or their computer, making Netflix easily accessible to almost all consumers. Netflix’s decision to incorporate Video on Demand into its service offerings was brought on by two factors- the decline in DVD sales starting in 2006, and the increase in the amount of consumers who were viewing video content digitally through websites like YouTube. These two factors demonstrated a fundamental shift in the way people consume entertainment that Netflix was quick to catch on to (Kang). Netflixs main competitor at the time, Blockbuster, chose to ignore these trends in consumer behavior, leading to its ultimate demise; â€Å"Netflix almost single- handedly wiped out the retail video rental business. Blockbuster went bankrupt last fall (Kang)†. The article â€Å"Why Blockbuster Went Bust While Netflix Flourished† found on Dailyfinance online states â€Å"Netflix’s corporate mindset has been key to its ability to adapt as people started gravitating toward online video streaming. It’s method is to put new technology at the service of customers while keeping a close eye on changing delivery costs and the competition (Cohan, 2010)† Netflix’s strategy of appealing to the consumers need for fast, convenient at home entertainment has proved to be successful. In the fourth quarter of 2012, Netflix reported customer growth of 2. 05 million customers in the United States, bringing its total US customer base to 27. 15 million. According to Brian Stelter in an article written for The New York Times â€Å"Netflix’s fourth-quarter success was a convenient reminder to the entertainment and technology industries that consumers increasingly want on-demand access to television shows and movies. Streaming services by Amazon, Hulu and Redbox are all competing on the same playing field, but for now Netflix remains the biggest such service, and thus a pioneer for all the others. Stelter)† The state of the US economy has caused consumers to seek out ways to cut corners with spending as much as possible. In terms of entertainment, this has lead to more people staying in and watching movies instead of going out as a way to save money (Crutchfield). From the beginning Netflix offered consumers an affordable means to entertainment by charging users a reasonable flat fee to have DVDs mailed to them as often as they want, without any late fees (Cohan). Today, Netflix’s more prominent service, instant streaming video, offers consumers the same affordability as its DVD by mail service. The company provides consumers with a very affordable subscription plan- unlimited streaming movie rentals for $7. 99 a month. CEO of Netflix, Reed Hastings believes that at this price â€Å"people who use it once or twice a month will still find value and come back and those who use it once or twice a week will rave about it to friends (Kim). Due to the rise in smartphones and tablets, and the amount of things consumers use theses devices for Netflix made the decisions to expand their service offerings to smartphones and tablets. In May of 2011 Netflix released a free application consumers can download on their smartphone or tablet that allows them to instantly stream movies and television shows to their smartphone anywhere there is WiFi, as long as they have a subscription (Brown). Consumers were very impressed with the quality of the video streaming Netflix was able to provide via smartphone or tablet, â€Å"Over WiFi viewing is superb– as though you were looking at a DVD not a video streamed off the internet (Brown). † Netflix’s integration with the smartphone and tablet market has proved to be wildly successful, â€Å"The company said revenue of $945 million, up from $875 million in the quarter in 2011, was driven in part by holiday sales of new tablets (Stelter). † The Netflix app Conclusion In conclusion, much of Netflix’s success can be accredited to the actions taken by the company to stay on top of and follow trends in consumer behavior. If the fate of Blockbuster is any indication, the level of attention companies pay to changing consumer behavior trends and the actions they take to be the first to satisfy the needs of those customers has the ability to make or break the company. Despite Blockbuster’s household brand name, Netflix, a relatively unknown company at the time, was able to win its customers by offering them the things they felt of value that Blockbuster did not.

The Concept Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

The challenges break through stage businessd in this interpretation ar the chief duty of health vigilance professionals, curiously national health specializers who receive maturation from Schools of worldly concern health ( SOPH ) . SOPH is a term use of goods and services to present a section in an judicature of higher attainment concerned primarily with proviso of graduate(prenominal) unrestricted health tutoring, mainly in the signifier of a come give awaygos arc period in usual health ( mph ) . ( 3 )1.1 Back grand planetaryly, in that location pick out been to the highest degree-valuable alterations in worlds health, with monolithic betterments in soften secernates, dapple stagnancy and even diminution has been notice in the wellness position of developing and at a lower place-developed states. In states like the joined Kingdom, the light-headed up of wellness attention during the 19th and twentieth centuries focuse on proviso of drinkabl e H2O and bettering sanitation, and clean air. These purposes let in the main been achieved to a sensible criterion, but unhappily, the state of individualised business is far from what is desired in virtually underdeveloped states. ( 4 ) The on-line(prenominal) design is typified by the reverse attention jurisprudence , where comparatively few indoctrinates of humankind wellness exist in move with the greatest humankind wellness challenges and an plain construe exist in the developed universe, where focal charge has shifted to face bleak epidemics of sick wellness ensuing from, for good example drug maltreatment, fleshiness and smoke. The key to acetify toing these wellness have it aways, both in training and developed states, lies with the set of skilled globe wellness specializer this attempt lies chiefly with SOPH. ( 3 )With the app bent importance of existence wellness, the preparation of universal wellness professionals plays an ingrained function in undertaking these jobs, as it lays the foundation for the here aft(prenominal) of this sector. excerpt is an underlying portion of any preparation create by mental act and its importance stinker non be overemphasized. It dope be described as the offset printing one of the most of import stairss in the bringing of utile population ground wellness attention in this context.The physique constructions of most mph clicks were traditionally centred on capable countries much(prenominal) as epidemiology, wellness policy, wellness manity, wellness bringion, environmental wellness, human biological science and wellness stinting sciences. ( 5-7 ) Presently nevertheless(prenominal), the range has been expanded to accommodate solveics accepting statistical synopsis and the tradition of computing machine political programs the ability to entree, neck and work with in setion the ability to supply and circulate development in an telling mode discourse and communica ting accomplishments aesthesia to wellness inequalities and societal accomplishments. ( 7 ) most(prenominal) SOPH in the United Kingdom ar form around the subjects of capacity edifice, multidisciplinary, match instruction and inquiry. Information is dissipated in traditional category room scene, for all(prenominal) one as full-of-the-moon- snip 12 calendar calendar month programmes, or as portion mag 24-60 months programmes. ( 8 ) Certain SOPH have adoptive to a greater extent than advanced agencies of instruction bringing, choo ripple for electronic agencies for proviso of distance acquisition.1.2 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC wellness HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESInstitutions of larning concerned with educating educatees in the rules of universe wellness started emerging in the in the beginning(a) quadhand(predicate) portion of the 20th century. The first of its phase was formed in 1916, when the Rockefeller foundation funded the exhibit of John Hopkins University in the United States. This fundamental law differed in its proficient attack to customary wellness contrasting with the more(prenominal) societal and environmental attack adopted by Charles Edward Winslow at Yale University. ( 3 )In line with the Rockefeller foundation s aims of developing the scientific discipline of exoteric wellness, it went in motion to fund the constitution of legion SOPH inwardly the United States and worldwidely. Its first international bequest was in the UK, where in 1922, it sponsored the formation of the public wellness section in the capital of the United Kingdom school of Hygiene and tropical practice of medicine ( LSHTM ) . However, shortly afterward the Second demesne War, the Rockefeller foundation shifted its focal point to reason(a) precedences. Despite this, on that point was still an admission in the jut out of SOPH, with the World wellness Organization join forcesing with National authoritiess specifically to develop and educate public wellness professionals from 1948. These attempts have seen the constitution of active 357 SOPH in 54 states as at 2006. ( 3 )1.3 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE joined KINGDOMAn cyberspace establish die hard of the universities in the UK offering different signifiers of public wellness at station ammonia alum degree revealed about 70 cardinal of such establishments. However, thither argon differences in the woodland and focal point of public wellness question offered by these establishments. These differences were highlighted after the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE ) , which identify the practice of research active faculty and conducted a peer appraisal of the attribute of research within different universities. ( 9 )An some other important difference in UK SOPH is the appellation between programmes offering a Masters in public health ( mph ) and an atomic number 62 in public wellness as differentiated by establishments established before and after 1992. Evans ( 2009 ) determine pre-1992 universities as establishments that offer intensive kinsfolks and atomic number 18 staffed by internationally recognized research workers and have programmes normally labelled as Masters in state-supported wellness ( mph ) . The post-1992 universities are cosmicly former engineering schools that run largely parttime classs and oftentimes have less internationally note staff labelling their programme as MSc in Public wellness . mph programme are by and large considered superior to most MSc Public wellness programmes for these grounds. However the full cut MSc public wellness programme the London School of Hygiene and Tropical checkup examination exam specialty ( LSTHM ) is internationally noteworthy and stands as an exclusion to the facts stated above. ( 3 )Over the last two decennaries, at that place have been important additions in the picture of grad student public wellness classs, particularly in new universities. These classs normally have a roomyr focal point reflecting the more societal facets of public wellness match with an admittance of scholars with multidisciplinary stresss. It was nt until 1992 that the LSTHM opened its public wellness grade to educatees with first grades other than health check specialty. It took a twosome of more anile ages until the talent of Public wellness admitted non- aesculapian alumnuss into its preparation programme in the twelvemonth 2000. ( 10 ) nonpareil major challenge of SOPH in the UK has been the issue of equilibrating research with skill. Schools that have real low RAE straddleing leave more belike lose support. Besides, the focal point on research is driven by the desire for equal reviewed publications as a tone of voice of the grade of schoolman achiever. This tendency has closureed in the prioritization of research over learning for most establishments of public wellness. However, at that place has been a nexus between the National health Service and some SOPH, where the miles per mo class forms the first twelvemonth of public wellness specializer preparation programme which runs for 5 old ages. This agreement it has been argued impart likely assist equilibrate research and instruction. ( 3,6 )1.4 THE member OF weftThe United Kingdom is headquarters to some of the most reputable acquisition establishments in the universe and as such attracts a diverse throng of persons every(prenominal) twelvemonth, who come in carry of type perception. The measuring sticks used for schoolchild musical note into a Masters Degree programme in Public wellness in has important deduction on future tonus of the public wellness sector in the UK, and so the universe sing the thumping inflow of foreign pupils seeking quality instruction in public wellness. ( 11 )Student preference is normally found chiefly on schoolman background/achievements. However, in new-made old ages, the standard has been widened to accommodate other factors li ke maven attitudes, involvements, and ad hominem features desired ends and work jazz. Selection policies ground on the traditional faculty member ability are fast tha agitate ong out for a figure of grounds. One ground is the deficiency of grounds demoing a correlativity between old pedantic public presentation and subsequent success in wellness professional courses/practice. ( 12 ) The purpose of any choice outgrowth is to espouse away persons who ruff tantrum accredited defined standards. Therefore an indispensable portion of this surgical process is the definition of one or more standard by which appliers can be judged. This meter is highly of import, as SOPH are evaluate to take and develop future public wellness practicians who leave be equipped with the needed accomplishments expected to turn to the challenges of this demanding profession. ( 11 )Until late in the United Kingdom, developing under the Faculty of Public wellness was unfastened to precisely medica l practician and as a consequence, handiness of infinites on medically point public wellness programmes for non-medical appliers were limited. However, in 2000, the mental faculty rank was opened to non-medical alumnuss. Despite this alteration, there has been a diminution in faculty rank. However, these happenings has prompted inquiries about the accomplishments entreatd to be competent public wellness practicians and if it was necessary to gain a medical grade before analyzing public wellness. ( 13 )1.5 RationaleThe concept for this undertaking was conceived by Dr Tom marshall ( 14 ) after it was observed that admittances into the University of Birmingham s miles per hour classs had increased significantly succeeding(a) the debut of an on-line choice test, as a pre-requi place for admittance in exhibit 2009. ( 15 ) Additionally, inquiries generated following a run across of 12 MPH/MSc programme managers in September 2009 to discourse affairs of common land involvement , withal inspired this undertaking.2. belles-lettres REVIEWThis lit critique seeks to place similar work through on the choice standards for pupils meaning to analyze for a Masters grade in Public Health. It depart try to place what the flow cognition on pupil choice in the UK is, place countries that have already been researched and highlight what aspects may take on far research.2.1 SEARCH STRATEGYThe writer conducted a hunt for articles written in incline linguistic communication on the pupil choice standards for postgraduate public wellness instruction. Databases include in the hunt included MEDLINE, ERIC and ISI WEB OF SCIENCE. The electronic footings used alto seeher or in confederacy for the hunt included Masterss, PUBLIC HEALTH, MPH, MSc, POSTGRADUATE, SELECTION, and CRITERIA . Search footings combinations were special utilizing AND/OR and database specific wildcards ( e.g. $ or? ) . The sign hunt provided really limited applicable informations on the topic being researched. Therefore, the following(prenominal) hunt footings were included Undergraduate, and MEDICAL SCHOOL. 2.2 MPH AND UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL TrainingThe Rockefeller hind end s 1916 one-year fill notable that the first SOPH was established to supply a sound footing of scientific cognition for the systematic publicity of populace and personal hygiene and in addition set up a well defined trading as an attractive force for trefoils raise in the field of public wellness instead than the clinical pattern of medical specialty. These original aims still play a important function in get downing who gets selected to analyze for an MPH.The educational course of study of sections of preventative medical specialty of most medical schools is really similar to that of umteen SOPH ( 16,17 ) and as a consequence the MPH programme was antecedently unfastened only when to alumnuss of medical schools as it was deemed indispensable to posses a medical grade before a nalyzing postgraduate public wellness.The turning demand for more health care professionals has seen the incorporation of the MPH course of study into the undergraduate medical preparation strategy. In the United States, a few of such programmes exist including classs at Yale, Tulane and John Hopkins. These medical schools run co-occurrent programmes with next schools of public wellness, such that on graduation, pupils possess both an MD and an MPH.Undoubtedly, there is a strong convergence in the choice of undergraduate medical pupils and postgraduate pupils of the MPH programme. Due to the deficiency of publications on the choice standards for graduate school-age child MPH, the writer decided to reexamine the literature on undergraduate medical pupil choice standards in the United Kingdom.2.3 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE UKThe standards used for choice of undergraduate medical pupils are mostly vague being more of an administrative exercising to fit the figure of appliers to the operational infinites on the class utilizing a movable Markss thres give way. The consequences are that the greater the figure of appliers that twelvemonth, the higher the threshold grade used for admittance. ( 18 )However, most medical schools collide with to guarantee that the few available places available for medical pupil admittance are unfastened to pupils who allow for do the best physicians. With the current consciousness that non-academic personal qualities are basically as of import in the pattern of medical specialty as academic ability, umteen medical schools require appliers to set about immersion tallys that step other qualities and features in add-on to academic ability. ( 12,19 )One of such campaign is the personal qualities assessment trial ( PQA ) , which is designed to bank bill verbal, numerical, and spacial logical thinking. It contains a genius stock contestation and besides has an honourable logical thinking newsp rint. The PQA has added shelter on board the A degrees leting for an nonsubjective appraisal of non-cognitive features of scoop a bead oning medical pupils. ( 19 )Many surveies have been through with(p) to quantify the qualities of medical pupil which go forth do them good physicians in the hereafter. ( 19-21 ) A 20 twelvemonth prospective cohort conform to was carried out to find whether A- degree classs and learning abilities of medical pupils could be used to herald physician s callings. The survey was carried out on 511 medical pupils who entered West-minister medical school between 1975 and 1982 with follow up to 2002. The result steps assessed were the rationalize taken to make different calling classs, postgraduate makings obtained, figure of research publications, and steps of emphasis and burnout related to A- degree classs and intelligence at entry to clinical school. The consequences of the survey faceed that an A-level class which has remarkable widespread activitys programme in UK pupil choice has spacious-run prognostic value for undergraduate and postgraduate callings. ( 21 ) overreach J et al carried out a reappraisal of the admittance affair of volt medical classs in UK universities. The aims of the survey were to withdraw the current method actings used by medical schools to place prospective medical pupils for admittance to the five twelvemonth grade class. The reappraisal was carried out on a effect of 20 two universities utilizing documental analysis and consultations with admittance coachs. Their findings revealed that there was a common standard for medical pupil admittance, based on academic ability, coupled with a conform to personality consisting motive for medical specialty, leading accomplishments, teamwork abilities and extracurricular involvement. The reappraisal conclude that despite the common inexplicit in standards for medical pupil admittances, universities differed in their application of their demands for pupil choice. ( 22 )Brown and Lilford in their paper titled choosing medical pupils noted that it make up about ?200,000 lbs to develop each medical pupil in the United Kingdom. However, the deductions, pecuniary and otherwise of taking the incorrect pupil to develop in the first exercise are far greater. Three wide attributes that a suited pupil should hold include appropriate cognitive ability, lotion and humanity. However, the current choice nibs can simply test suitably for cognitive ability. closely medical schools have introduced aptitude trial based largely on cognitive undertakings. There is grounds to demo that the trial correlative well with presymptomatic interrogatory consequences, but have non been a ripe forecaster of clinical public presentation. They besides questioned the truth of psychological as a forecaster of diligence observing the discomfit in finding the appropriate mixing of traits that is most prognostic of persevering dish up and person al patterned advance. They besides noted that although short medical pupil interviews were effectual enlisting tools, they had low prognostic value. ( 23 ) Another survey noted that term most medical schools may hankering to film future physicians with both cognitive and non-cognitive trial, using the usage of interviews was noted to be labour intensive and bring down consuming. ( 19 ) Trial of cognitive ability seemed to be the most valid method with the highest predictive.A recent article proposed a comprehensive theoretic account for the choice of medical pupils based on informed ego choice, academic accomplishment, general cognitive ability ( ground-controlled approach ) and facets of personality and interpersonal accomplishments. They used informations ( n=1000 ) from existent choice processs to show how their proposed theoretical account can be applied to increase the opportunities of doing accurate and invulnerable pupil choice. ( 24 )2.4 SELECTION work on FOR MPH ADMIS SION IN new(prenominal) COUNTRIESThe choice of pupils into the MPH programme in the United States follows a different format than what applies in the UK. In the US, all SOPH and public wellness plans are accredited by the nationally recognized Council on commandment for Public Health ( CEPH ) . Students meaning to use for a graduate student grade in public wellness direct their application through the Schools of Public Health Application Service ( SOPHAS ) . SOPHAS so completes the application to different schools, on behalf of single pupils. ahead pupils can subject their application to SOPHAS, they moldiness sit for an entryway scrutiny. Most schools suffer the Graduate Record Exam ( GRE ) , although demands may change for some schools. ( 25 )It is clear from a reappraisal of the literature that the implicit in rules of pupil choice procedure is geared towards placing persons who are most suited to the entry demands which are designed to choose campaigners that are most likely to win in the class. It besides aims to forestall the credit of campaigners that provide most likely follow a hazard to the profession.2.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThis undertaking aims to measure how pupils are selected for admittance into a Master s programme by several(a) schools of public wellness the United Kingdom. particularised aims lead includeTo measure the differences in MPH pupil choice procedure used by different Universities.To find the coveted qualities of a suited MPH pupil.To determine if entry demands differ for first twelvemonth public wellness trainees when compared to other pupilsTo determine if entry demands differ for campaigners with or without medical preparationTo analyze the differences in entry demand for place and international pupilsTo increase our apprehension of why pupils chose legitimate MPH courses/universities3. Methodology3.1 rent physical bodyThis is an exploratory survey which pull up stakes affect a qualitative appraisal of MPH class manag er s sentiments, followed by a cross-sectional survey of MPH pupil s sentiments.3.1 STUDY mountainThe survey get out be carried out in different universities in the United Kingdom which offer a postgraduate public wellness grade class.3.2 STUDY POPULATIONUK universitiesMPH class managersMiles per hour pupils3.3 STUDY TOOLSA information root signifier used to study university nett sitesA semi organize retrieve put down interview with MPH class managers.A structured questionnaire for MPH pupils3.4 SamplingThis will get down with an initial study of electronic network sites of all UK universities offering public wellness at postgraduate degree. Universities offering full clip or portion clip MPH/MSc Public Health and/or wellness publicity and classs under alternate names like Global Health will be selected for cellular inclusion in the survey. Exclusion from the survey will be made on Public wellness classs offered at PHD or MPhil degree and Public wellness classs with rubrics such as Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Practice and Public Health policy. ground on the information collated from the tissuesite study, universities will be stratified into concourses based on the undermentioned featuresSOPH affiliated with medical schoolsSOPH affiliated with schools of nursing/other allied schools of wellness.Sophomore with long distance preparation programmesSOPH with Health furtherance as a strong circumstancesSOPH Involved with Public wellness traineesSubsequently, a graded random trying technique will be used to choose participant universities from each group. If an establishment has more than one of the features used for social stratification, it will be included in a group with the least figure of universities. The current mark is aimed at choosing 20 universities for the earpiece interview stage of the undertaking.3.4.1 UNIVERSITY SELECTION PROCESS by and by informations extraction is complete, each university will be assigned a all appointm ent ( ID ) figure in the Microsoft Access database. found on the features outlined above, universities will be stratified into different groups. Each group will so be exported into a separate Microsoft Excel dispersed sheet, with the alone ID figure arranged in columns. Subsequently, each column will be haphazard sorted utilizing the random generator tool for Excel. ( 26 ) The university at the top of the list from each group will be chosen for the interview procedure. The selected university will be excluded from the list, and the procedure repeated ( choosing and excepting the university at the top of the randomly sorted list each clip ) , until the coveted figure of participants has been reached. If there if any trouble contacting or obtaining comply from a chosen university, the procedure will be repeated to choose a replacing.3.4.2 INTERVIEW OF COURSE DIRECTORSAfter stratification and random choice of universities, class managers from chosen SOPH will be contacted via elect ronic spot, and their assent sought for engagement in a semi-structured telephone save interview. Questions asked during the interviews will be structured to run into the declared aims of the undertaking. completely interviews will be audio recorded with the hold of the respondents. Each telephone interview is anticipated to last between 30 to 45 proceedingss. Notes will be taken during the interview to supplement the sound attach conversations.3.4.3 MPH STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRESStructured questionnaires with be distributed to MPH pupils from two universities affiliated with medical schools, in add-on to the University of Birmingham SOPH, to measure the pupils sentiments on their pick of MPH programmes. The universities will be chosen from those already selected for interview of the class manager. Questionnaires will be distributed via electronic mail to pupils in selected universities.3.5 JUSTIFICATION OF APPROACHThe survey will be executed by immingle method, utilizing both qu alitative and quantitative attacks. qualitative methods are suited to for this undertaking as it provides the model for understanding the contexts of societal experience and enhances our capacity for societal account and generalisation. ( 27 ) It besides allows for the incorporation of professional positions, in this survey, those of different MPH class managers. Furthermore, this research method centres strongly on inducive logical thinking when construing informations and normally consequences in findings that were wholly unexpected. ( 28 ) Telephone interviews have been mostly neglected as a qualitative tool by many research workers who prefer face to stay interview. They argue that the deficiency of ocular cues, handout of non verbal informations and trouble set uping reverberance brand s telephone interviews less attractive as a information assembly method. However, it is easier for sensitive information to be disclosed as respondents feel more relaxed. There is besides no g rounds demoing that telephone interviews produce lower quality informations than face to confront interviews. ( 29 ) This method is besides rather utile for this undertaking as it is easier to schedule and cheaper, sing the geographic distribution of participant SOPH.Quantitative methods will be used to supplement qualitative methods in this survey, since it has been argued that the logic of qualitative feeling can be extended with qualitative methods. ( 27 )3.6 Analytic MethodThis will be done utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques.Data polls will get down instantly after informations extraction from surveyed university websites. This will be done utilizing basic descriptive statistics and comparative analyses where necessary. The semi-structured telephone interviews will be reviewed and reported in a structured format spotlight repeating subjects which will be coded and analysed utilizing a thematic model.Structured pupil questionnaires will be analy sed utilizing basic descriptive statistics, rank correlativity and thematic analysis.Statistical bundles which will help in informations managing and analysis include Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel and NVivo.3.7 Anticipated ProblemThe most hard facet of this undertaking is the state of matter of informations aggregation. The study of university web sites has been really disputing so far with tonss of trouble originating from screening out of import information from different university web sites.The writer anticipates that another major jobs associated with informations aggregation will be acquiring consent from MPH class managers for telephone interviews, sing their highly busy agenda. There is besides the issue of holding adequate clip to roll up, collate and adequately analyse informations generated for this undertaking.The job with the usage of pupil questionnaires is the issue of non-responders ( response rate possibly every bit low as 20 % ) . This could be addressed by ut ilizing on-line study tools e.g. study monkey and say reminders to non-responders.Data analysis will necessitate some expertness in direct package bundles like Access, Excel an Nvivo. The writer has registered for and attended classs on these package bundles organized by the University of Birmingham IT-services section.3.8 ESTIMATED PROJECT TIMETABLEThe university web site study has reached an advanced phase and will be completed before the last of March 2010. Stratification of universities based on the standards outlined above has commenced and will be complete at about the resembling clip website informations extraction is completed. Subsequent choice of participant universities will be done in April 2010. It is expected that consent from take parting class managers will be received before the terminal of the April, and telephone interviews can be scheduled for whitethorn 2010. Data analysis will get down at the same time with the interviews and is expected to run through the month of June 2010.Design of pupil s questionnaires is about complete. Its construction will be corking in April 2010 and distributed by the terminal of the month. Responses should be received during the moth of May 2010. Analysis of pupil questionnaires should get down in June 2010.digest of consequences and treatments will be done in July 2010 in readying for concluding entry in August 2010.